
In this article, we'll walk through creating a custom Amazon Machine Image (AMI) with [HashiCorp Vault](https://www.vaultproject.io/) baked in using [Packer](https://www.packer.io/), launching an EC2 instance with the generated AMI, and then configuring Vault to store and access secrets.

## Overview

This guide covers:

1. **Baking the Vault AMI with Packer:** Cloning the repository and running Packer to generate the AMI.
2. **Launching the Vault EC2 Instance:** Using the created AMI to spin up an EC2 instance.
3. **Configuring Vault:** Initializing, unsealing, and verifying Vault on the instance.
4. **Storing and Accessing Secrets:** A brief walkthrough on adding and retrieving secrets with Vault.

## Prerequisites

- An AWS account with appropriate IAM permissions.
- [Packer](https://www.packer.io/) installed locally.
- Optionally, the AWS CLI or Terraform to launch EC2 instances.
- Basic familiarity with HashiCorp Vault and AWS concepts.

## Step 1: Baking the Vault AMI with Packer

```bash
touch vault-ami.pkr.hcl
```

## Step 2: Build the AMI

```hcl
packer {
  required_plugins {
    amazon = {
      version = ">= 1.0.0"
      source  = "github.com/hashicorp/amazon"
    }
  }
}


variable "aws_region" {
  default = "us-east-1"
}

variable "ami_name" {
  default = "vault-server-ami"
}

variable "instance_type" {
  default = "t3.micro"
}

variable "source_ami" {
  default = "ami-090fa75af13c156b4" # Amazon Linux 2 (Change if using Ubuntu)
}

variable "ssh_username" {
  default = "ec2-user" # Use "ubuntu" for Ubuntu AMIs
}

# AWS Builder Configuration
source "amazon-ebs" "vault_ami" {
  region                      = var.aws_region
  source_ami                  = var.source_ami
  instance_type               = var.instance_type
  ssh_username                = var.ssh_username
  ami_name                    = var.ami_name
  ami_description             = "Pre-configured Vault AMI"
  associate_public_ip_address = true
  tags = {
    Name = "Vault AMI"
  }
}

# Provisioners (Runs the Vault install script)
build {
  sources = ["source.amazon-ebs.vault_ami"]

  provisioner "file" {
    source      = "install_vault.sh"
    destination = "/tmp/install_vault.sh"
  }

  provisioner "shell" {
    inline = [
      "chmod +x /tmp/install_vault.sh",
      "sudo /tmp/install_vault.sh"
    ]
  }
}
```

### Create the install script

```bash
#!/bin/sh

# Download and move latest Vault release to bin.
printf "\n\nFetching Vault binary"
cd /opt/ && sudo curl -o vault.zip https://releases.hashicorp.com/vault/1.13.1/vault_1.13.1_linux_amd64.zip
sudo unzip vault.zip
sudo mv vault /usr/bin/

# Create a user named vault to be run as a service.
printf "\n\nCreating vault user"
sudo useradd --system --home /etc/vault.d --shell /bin/false vault

# Configure Vault as a System Service
printf "\n\nConfiguring vault as system service"
sudo wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/moabukar/vault-ami/main/non-tls/non-tls-vault.service
sudo mv  non-tls-vault.service /etc/systemd/system/vault.service
sudo mkdir /etc/vault.d
sudo chown -R vault:vault /etc/vault.d
sudo mkdir /vault-data
sudo chown -R vault:vault /vault-data
sudo mkdir -p /logs/vault/

sudo wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/moabukar/vault-ami/main/non-tls/non-tls.hcl
sudo mv non-tls.hcl /etc/vault.d/vault.hcl

# Start vault as a service
printf "\n\nEnabling vault as a service"
sudo systemctl enable vault
sudo systemctl start vault
sudo systemctl status vault
```

Review the Packer configuration file (for example, vault-pkr.hcl) to see how Vault is installed and configured. Then, build the AMI using Packer:

```bash
packer build vault-ami.pkr.hcl
```

Note: If the configuration file has a different name (for example, packer.hcl), use that filename.

Packer will run through the steps (e.g., installing Vault, applying configuration, etc.) and output an AMI ID in your AWS account.

## Step 2: Launching the Vault EC2 Instance

With the AMI baked, launch an EC2 instance using the new AMI. You can use the AWS Management Console, CLI, or Terraform. For example, using Terraform

```go
provider "aws" {
  region = "eu-west-2"
}

variable "ami_id" {
  default = "ami-010b1877662d8747c"
}

resource "aws_instance" "vault" {
  ami                    = var.ami_id
  instance_type          = "t3.micro"
  key_name               = "vault-dev"
  vpc_security_group_ids = ["sg-06d59bbad808fc1ee"]


  tags = {
    Name = "Vault Server"
  }
}

output "vault_public_ip" {
  value = aws_instance.vault.public_ip
}

output "ssh_command" {
  description = "SSH into your Vault server"
  value       = format("ssh -i vault-dev.pem ec2-user@%s", aws_instance.vault.public_ip)
}
```

Replace ami-xxxxxxxx with the AMI ID from the Packer build, and update the key name, security group, and subnet ID as appropriate.

## Step 3: Configuring Vault on the Instance

Once your EC2 instance is up, SSH into it:

```bash
ssh -i your-keypair.pem ec2-user@<instance-public-ip>
```

Verify that Vault is installed:

```bash
vault --version
```

Next, initialize Vault. Important: The output will include your unseal key and root token—store these securely.

```bash
vault operator init -key-shares=1 -key-threshold=1
```

Then, unseal Vault using the unseal key provided:

```bash
vault operator unseal <unseal-key>
```

Once unsealed, you can log in with the root token:

```bash
vault login <root-token>
```

Step 4: Storing and Accessing Secrets
Now that Vault is running, you can store secrets. For example, to store a database password:

```bash
vault kv put secret/db password="SuperSecret123!"
```

To retrieve the secret:

```bash
vault kv get secret/db
```

This demonstrates how you can securely manage secrets using Vault.

Conclusion

You now have a full walkthrough to bake a Vault AMI using Packer, launch an EC2 instance with that AMI, configure Vault and start managing secrets securely. This approach streamlines deploying Vault in AWS and is a great addition to any DevOps workflow.


An end-to-end guide for baking a Vault AMI using Packer and deploying a Vault EC2 instance on AWS.

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